[3.13] Enable aarch64 Ubuntu CI jobs (GH-125786) (GH-127170)

This change enables custom GHA runners for Ubuntu-24.04 that run on Arm hardware. It also prepares for Windows runners on Arm hardware, but doesn't enable that just yet, because the Arm GHA runner images for Windows need to be updated.
(cherry picked from commit 8214e0f709010a0e1fa06dc2ce004b5f6103cc6b)