[3.12] gh-114014: Update `fractions.Fraction()`'s rational parsing regex (GH-114015) (#114023)

Fix a bug in the regex used for parsing a string input to the `fractions.Fraction` constructor. That bug led to an inconsistent exception message being given for some inputs.

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(cherry picked from commit dd56b5748317c3d504d6a9660d9207620c547f5c)

Co-authored-by: Crowthebird <78076854+thatbirdguythatuknownot@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: blurb-it[bot] <43283697+blurb-it[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Adam Turner <9087854+AA-Turner@users.noreply.github.com>