bpo-36301: Add _PyRuntime.pre_initialized (GH-12457)

* Add _PyRuntime.pre_initialized: set to 1 when Python
  is pre-initialized
* Add _Py_PreInitialize() and _Py_PreInitializeFromPreConfig().
* _PyCoreConfig_Read() now calls  _Py_PreInitialize().
* Move _PyPreConfig_GetGlobalConfig() and
  _PyCoreConfig_GetGlobalConfig() calls from main.c to preconfig.c
  and coreconfig.c.