bpo-45548: Remove _math.c workarounds for pre-C99 libm (GH-29179)

The :mod:`math` and :mod:`cmath` implementation now require a C99 compatible
``libm`` and no longer ship with workarounds for missing acosh, asinh,
expm1, and log1p functions.

The changeset also removes ``_math.c`` and moves the last remaining
workaround into ``_math.h``. This simplifies static builds with
``Modules/Setup`` and resolves symbol conflicts.

Co-authored-by: Mark Dickinson <mdickinson@enthought.com>
Co-authored-by: Brett Cannon <brett@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Christian Heimes <christian@python.org>