Continued sketching out code for checking states against preconditions.

It's still sketchy. I added a typestate annotation field to statements
tagged stmt_decl or stmt_expr, because a stmt_decl statement has a typestate
that's different from that of its child node. This necessitated trivial
changes to a bunch of other files all over to the compiler. I also added a
few small standard library functions, some of which I didn't actually end
up using but which I thought might be useful anyway.