fix($location): prevent infinite digest with IDN urls in Edge

Internationalized Domain Urls, for example urls with Umlaut (Ä, Ö, Ü)
cause infinite digest in Edge 38.14393.0.0 because lastIndexOf doesn't
work correctly in this version when the search string is the same as the haystack string.

The patch uses an implementation based on core.js: https://github.com/zloirock/core-js/blob/v2.4.1/modules/es6.string.starts-with.js#L16

Edge Bug: https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/platform/issues/9271625/

Fixes #15217
PR #15235