feat: add --inspect-publish-uid flag for VSCode debugging (#31927)

This commit adds `--inspect-publish-uid` flag.

This flag is hidden in the help output at the moment. This flag is
getting added because it allows us to properly implement certain debugging
workflows in VSCode. More concretely, the --inspect-publish-uid flag
is used by VSCode when running a debugger for Node and we would
like VSCode to use the same infrastructure for Node and Deno.

Enables `parallel/test-inspect-publish-uid.js` Node compat test and
does a drive-by of categorization of compat tests for `node:inspector`
module.

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Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>