Bump Metro to 0.83.0 (#52576)

Summary:
Bump Metro to 0.83.0.

This release contains some breaking changes for integrators, and a minimum Node.js version of 22.14.

Full release notes: https://github.com/facebook/metro/releases/tag/v0.83.0

Changelog: [General][Changed] Bump Metro to ^0.83.0

Test Plan:
Imported from GitHub, without a `Test Plan:` line.

Rollback Plan:

Differential Revision: D78171925

Pulled By: robhogan

fbshipit-source-id: 7ea5e04d285632a14dd71ba00da872d60f283840